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Understand the basic composition of stainless steel
The corrosion resistance of stainless steel mainly comes from its alloy composition, especially the content of chromium and nickel. Generally speaking, the higher the chromium content, the better the corrosion resistance of stainless steel. Common types of stainless steel include 304, 316, etc. Among them, 316, due to the presence of molybdenum, has better corrosion resistance, especially in chloride environments.
Observe the surface treatment
The surface treatment method of stainless steel coils will also affect their corrosion resistance. Polishing, brushing and other surface treatments can enhance the corrosion resistance of stainless steel, as these treatments can remove impurities and oxide layers on the surface, making the protective film more uniform.
Conduct salt spray tests
Salt spray testing is a common accelerated corrosion testing method. It involves conducting spray tests on stainless steel by simulating salt spray in Marine environments to observe its corrosion resistance. This method can quickly assess the performance of stainless steel in harsh environments.
Chemical reagent testing
The corrosion resistance of stainless steel can be tested quickly by using specific chemical reagents. For example, the nitric acid titration method can be used to test the pitting corrosion resistance of stainless steel. Drop nitric acid on the surface of stainless steel and observe its reaction. If there is no obvious change, it indicates that the corrosion resistance is good.
Reference standards and certifications
Choosing stainless steel products that have been certified by authoritative institutions can provide greater security. Commonly used international standards for stainless steel include ASTM, EN, JIS, etc. These standards have clear regulations on the composition and properties of stainless steel.
Investigation of the actual application environment
Finally, the corrosion resistance of stainless steel coils also needs to be evaluated in combination with the actual application environment. For instance, in environments with high temperatures, high humidity or containing chemical substances, stainless steel types with stronger corrosion resistance should be selected.

1.Material grade (key indicator)
The corrosion resistance of different stainless steel components varies significantly. Comparison of common grades:
304 (A2 stainless steel) : It is basically corrosion-resistant and suitable for general environments (such as interior decoration, food equipment).
316 (A4 stainless steel) : Contains molybdenum (Mo), and has stronger resistance to chloride corrosion (preferred for coastal, chemical, and medical industries).
430/201: Low cost but poor corrosion resistance, only suitable for dry environments or short-term use.
Identification method: Request the supplier to provide the material report (Mill Test Certificate, MTC) to confirm whether the composition complies with the standards (such as ASTM, EN, JIS).

2. Surface treatment process
The surface condition directly affects the corrosion resistance:
2B (Cold-rolled bright annealed) : Standard industrial use, medium corrosion resistance.
BA (Bright Annealed) : Smoother, reduces dirt adhesion, suitable for food grade.
No.4 (Brushed) : Aesthetically pleasing but requires regular maintenance.
Passivation treatment: Acid washing is used to remove surface iron particles to enhance corrosion resistance.
Identification method: Observe whether the surface is uniform and free of defects, or simulate the corrosive environment with salt spray tests (such as ASTM B117).

3. Industry standard testing
Salt Spray Test
304 stainless steel: Usually no red rust for ≥48 hours.
316 stainless steel: Usually no red rust for ≥96 hours.
Intergranular corrosion test (ASTM A262) : To detect the corrosion resistance after welding or high-temperature processing.
Pitting equivalent (PREN value) :
PREN = %Cr + 3.3×%Mo + 16×%N
304: PREN≈19; 316: PREN≈25 (The higher the value, the more corrosion-resistant it is).
Identification method: Request the supplier to provide a third-party test report (such as SGS, TUV)

4.Actual application environment assessment

Choose the appropriate stainless steel coil according to the use scenario:

Environment

Recommended material

Reason

Coastal/high humidity

316L

Resistant to chloride ion corrosion

Food/medicine

304/316L

Non-toxic, easy to clean

Chemical/acidic environment

317L/2205

High molybdenum/duplex steel acid resistant

High temperature environment

310S

Strong oxidation resistance

Identification method: Provide the use environment details (such as temperature, contact with chemicals) to the supplier to match the material.

5. Simple Self-Check Methods (for Non-professional Reference)
Magnet test
Austenitic stainless steel (304/316) is usually non-magnetic or weakly magnetic (it may have slight magnetism after processing).
High magnetism may be 430 or inferior materials (with poor corrosion resistance).
Chemical reagent testing
Use stainless steel identification solution (such as Ni8 reagent) to distinguish 304/316 through color change reaction

Stainless steel extruded tube
Stainless steel fasteners are widely used in industries such as petroleum, shipbuilding, thermal insulation, and construction. The advantages of stainless steel fastening straps are high strength, resistance to corrosion in harsh environments, resistance to chemicals, solvents and high temperatures. What are stainless steel fasteners? Let's take a look at the stainless steel strips of 316, 304, 201 and 430, as well as their advantages in the current market, useful applications and selling prices.
Stainless steel wire fasteners are important accessories for the installation, maintenance and repair of industrial piping systems. Stainless steel strips are fixed on the pipes to ensure the reliability of the connection, which helps to fix the pipes, making them compact and orderly arranged to improve management performance. Stainless steel strips are widely used in various piping systems, oil pipelines, pipelines, chemical pipelines and various industrial piping systems. Understand the advantages, applications and types of the currently popular stainless steel fasteners.

What are stainless steel fasteners?
Stainless steel fasteners are mechanical accessories that provide mechanical fasteners to keep the pipes fixed, compact and connected. Stainless steel pipes and belts are made of stainless steel materials, featuring high wear resistance and excellent corrosion resistance and adaptability to natural environments. The structure of stainless steel fasteners consists of two parts: one is the fastener, and the other is the fastener. Its main body is stainless steel coil strip, and its length can be adjusted to fit the diameter of the pipe. The stainless steel belt locking component can lock and fix the diameter of the fastener, ensuring the maximum fastener force required.

The advantages of stainless steel extruded tubes
Stainless steel fasteners are practical industrial products with many advantages. They are made of stainless steel alloy and have low oxidation, so they have a long service life and do not need to be replaced frequently. Stainless steel strips make pipes very flexible because they can be easily adjusted in size during use and provide high fastening force. Their lengths, widths and thicknesses vary, and they should be suitable for different industries and civil use. The key components of the stainless steel strip support the maximum pressure during use and operation. The outstanding advantages of stainless steel pipe piping include:
It has anti-rust and anti-oxidation capabilities.
It has a long service life and does not need to be replaced frequently
All specifications are suitable for various pipe installation applications
Flexible installation, saving labor
It provides powerful force rather than stretching or breaking.

The application of stainless steel strip extruded tubes
Stainless steel piping systems are a type of material made of stainless steel, whose function is to enhance the connection between pipes and support the installation of fixed pipes. Stainless steel is a kind of stainless steel alloy. Due to its high strength, it has been applied in many fields of life. Stainless steel strips are made of various types of stainless steel, each of which has its unique properties and special uses. Select the appropriate stainless steel strip extruded pipe based on usage requirements, technical requirements, aesthetic factors and cost factors.
The air ducts are fastened with stainless steel straps
The air ducts are fastened with stainless steel belts, which are required to be rust-proof and of high strength. They are used for insulation and heat preservation of hard pipes and soft pipes. The purpose of inox belt fastening tubes is to maintain a fixed insulation around the cooling or hot air ducts in HVAC systems. Stainless steel band-fastened air ducts, made of various types of stainless steel, have unique advantages and are suitable for air duct systems in different industries. Stainless steel straps are used to fasten the air ducts, ensuring the safety of the pipeline system and overcoming the loosening of the bonding method during the insulation process.
The oil pipe is fastened with stainless steel straps
Stainless steel wire fasteners are commonly used fasteners in the petroleum industry. Stainless steel strip fasteners are hard or flexible pipes that are connected, fixed and installed, and are specifically used for transporting various fuels and oil on drilling platforms, ships and oil refineries. As the stainless steel strip is made of stainless steel, it adopts high-strength, chemically resistant and low-corrosion oil pipes, reducing damage and saving maintenance and replacement costs. In addition, stainless steel band fastening tubes are also used in the oil drums of engine pipelines to ensure fixation and prevent dangerous consequences caused by the leakage of internal liquids.
Stainless steel compressed air pipe
Natural gas, compressed air, oxygen and other industrial pipelines are special pipelines widely used in factories, health systems and civil use. These gases are a type of energy used in factories to operate machines and equipment. Use stainless steel straps to secure the air ducts and install a fixed piping system to make air transportation easier. The air ducts are fastened with stainless steel belts to ensure certain stability during operation, high pressure resistance and effective corrosion resistance.
The boiler heat pipes are fastened with stainless steel straps
A boiler system is a device that converts water into steam and is used for purposes such as food processing, laundry, and drying. The heat conduction system of the boiler collects and controls the amount of steam through pipelines and then delivers it to the required places. When installing the boiler heat pipe system, it is necessary to use stainless steel pipe fastening straps to fasten the joints. The stainless steel strips used for fastening boiler heat pipes are made of anti-rust and anti-corrosion materials, thus featuring high durability and good heat resistance.
Stainless steel strips used for fastening chemical pipelines

In corrosive conditions such as chemical pipelines, materials that are resistant to chemicals, high temperatures and pressure need to be selected. When connecting chemical pipes to machines and necessary positions in the chemical supply system, stainless steel pipe fastening straps must be used. Chemical pipeline fastening stainless steel belts are made of special stainless steel and can survive in extremely corrosive environments such as chemical plants or oil refineries.

How many types of stainless steel pipe fastening tape are there?
Stainless steel pipe fastening tape is a material made of stainless steel, and its function is to fasten the joints between pipes. Stainless steel is an alloy that is used in many areas of life due to its extremely high durability. Stainless steel pipe fastening tape is made of many different types of stainless steel, each type of stainless steel has its own characteristics and uses. Choose the right type of stainless steel pipe fastening tape according to the needs of use, aesthetics, price and other factors.
304 stainless steel pipe fastening tape
304 stainless steel pipe fastening tape is the most widely used type of stainless steel tape because it can be installed in most operating environments. The chemical composition of 304 stainless steel tape is 8.1% nickel, 1% manganese, and about 18% chromium. 304 stainless steel contains a lot of chromium and has corrosion-resistant properties. 304 stainless steel pipe fastening tape has outstanding anti-rust advantages and is more durable and more shiny than other stainless steel materials. Good 304 stainless steel pipe fastening tapes are also more expensive due to their high use value.
316 stainless steel pipe fastening belt
316 stainless steel pipe fastening belt is the most durable stainless steel belt design among stainless steel types, so it is often used in harsh environments such as chemical plants and highly corrosive environments and acidic environments. 316 stainless steel pipe fastening belt is harder than ordinary stainless steel. Due to the above outstanding advantages, 316 stainless steel pipe fastening belt is used in specific industrial fields such as chemical production, oil and gas, and ships. 316 stainless steel pipe fastening belt has the highest price among common stainless steel types due to its excellent characteristics.
Stainless steel pipe fastening belt 201
Stainless steel pipe fastening belt 201 is a fastening belt made of stainless steel 201, which has good corrosion resistance and heat resistance. 201 stainless steel pipe fastening belt is much harder than other types of stainless steel due to its low nickel content. Stainless steel pipe fastening belt 201 has excellent tensile strength, so it can be used in situations where maximum strength is required, such as fastening telecommunication cable pipes, indoor piping systems, and areas not affected by chemicals. Stainless steel pipe fastening belt 201 is cheaper than 304 and 316, so it is used more. The disadvantage of 201 stainless steel pipe tightening tape is that the surface gloss is low. It is more susceptible to corrosion than other types of stainless steel, so it should not be used in harsh environments.
Stainless steel pipe tightening tape 430
The 430 stainless steel pipe tightening tape is a widely used tape. The 430 stainless steel pipe tightening tape is made of 430 stainless steel, which has a high chromium content and a low carbon content, so there is no surface oxidation and it is resistant to corrosion by organic acids. Therefore, the 430 stainless steel pipe tightening tape is usually used in natural environments, not in harsh environments. The stainless steel pipe tightening tape 430 has the lowest price and is an economical choice for the needs of pipe fixing in urban and rural public works. The stainless steel pipe tightening tape 430 has the advantage of being non-magnetic.
Includes stainless steel pipe tightening tape accessories
Stainless steel pipe tightening tapes are commonly used mechanical equipment not only in industry but also in the home. Stainless steel tapes are used to fix pipes in gas and liquid pipeline systems or to fix wire systems. Stainless steel pipe tightening tape accessories such as buckles and belt tightening pliers are used to remove and install stainless steel pipe tightening tapes to ensure optimal strength.
Stainless steel pipe fastening belt lock
The stainless steel pipe fastening belt buckle is a fitting made of stainless steel, used to securely close the belt. The stainless steel pipe fastening belt lock has a simple structure, small size and is easy to use. According to the type of belt and belt tensioner, choose the appropriate belt buckle to ensure high assembly efficiency and limit additional costs. There are 2 types of commonly used stainless steel pipe fasteners: serrated stainless steel pipe fasteners and folded wing pipe fasteners.

Steel strips are one of the indispensable special packaging materials in the process of goods transportation and storage. It has good toughness and elasticity, ensuring the safety of goods during transportation, helping to optimize storage space, reduce transportation costs, and guarantee the safety of packaging personnel.
In this article, we will study the assembly line and its application in practice. If you need to search for information about steel strips, please follow me to learn about the following content

What is a steel band?
Packaging steel belt is a kind of belt made of strong and durable steel, which is usually used for packaging, sealing and securing goods or products on pallets, containers or trucks. Steel belts offer high strength and excellent load-bearing capacity, protecting goods from damage, breakage or movement during transportation and storage.
Sealing steel strips usually come in different widths and thicknesses, which depend on the application and specific durability requirements. They can be manually stretched or automatically stretched to ensure the tightness and safety of the product. To seal the steel belt, people usually use a steel belt lock or a welding machine to connect the two ends of the steel belt together, forming a firm ring to protect the safety of the goods.

How many types of closed steel belts are there?
There are all kinds of steel strips because they are designed to be suitable for various uses and applications. For example, in the transportation of goods, packaging and storage, or in industrial and construction applications.
Different types of steel belts may vary in thickness, width, strength and load-bearing capacity. Therefore, choosing steel strips suitable for specific purposes is crucial for ensuring safety and effectiveness.
Galvanized fastener steel strip (galvanized fastener steel strip)
Galvanized steel strip is a kind of steel strip coated with a galvanized layer, which has high strength, wear resistance and durability during use. The galvanizing process usually involves passing through a molten zinc bath to make zinc adhere to the surface of the belt.
Galvanized packaging steel strips are generally used for packaging and transporting goods, especially in the industrial and construction industries. Galvanized closed steel strips have excellent wear resistance and high strength, which can maintain the tightness and load-bearing capacity of items during transportation, ensuring safe and efficient operation.
Closed electrostatic steel strip (electrostatic steel strip)
Statically coated steel wire tape (statically coated steel wire tape) is a product widely used for packaging and transporting goods. This steel belt is made of high-strength steel and coated with electrostatic paint to prevent corrosion and oxidation.
Electrostatic coating is a method that uses static electricity to generate a coating layer that is closely connected to the metal surface. This process involves placing the details of the metallic paint in an anti-static room, and then spraying the paint onto the metal surface with static electricity to establish a tight seal between the paint and the metal surface.
Oiling the sealing steel strip (steel strip)
The closed steel belt is coated with oil, made of high-strength steel and coated with a layer of oil. Applying oil to the steel strips can prevent them from wearing out and rubbing during use. This increases the service life of the belt and reduces damage during use.
The bottom sealing steel band is coated with oil and has excellent impact resistance. It is used for packaging and transporting heavy and bulky goods such as wood, steel, concrete, machinery, electronics and other industries.
It is also used for packaging containers, pallets and other packaging to protect the goods during transportation.

Advantageous steel band binding rows
Steel straps are widely used for binding goods, especially in industry and transportation. The following are some advantages of steel strips:
- High strength: Steel belts have an extremely high tensile strength, keeping the goods firm and ensuring safety during transportation and storage. Steel belts have high strength, ensuring that they will not break or be damaged during use.
- Lower elasticity: Compared with other types of belts, steel belts have lower elasticity, ensuring that goods will not loosen during transportation.
- High-temperature resistance: Steel strips can withstand both high and low temperatures without affecting their quality and are suitable for various environments.
- Protecting goods: Steel belts help protect goods from impact and vibration during transportation, ensuring that the goods are not damaged.
- Reusable: If the steel strip still has high hardness, no deformation or rust, it can be reused many times. Thanks to this, users can reuse it in many other applications, which helps to save costs and protect the environment.

The application of steel strips
Steel strips are indispensable items in the process of goods transportation and storage. The following are the applications of steel strips:
Steel straps for export packaging: Used for packaging export goods to ensure safety and comply with the prescribed export packaging standards.
- Pallet steel straps: Specifically designed for packaging goods on pallets, they help enhance the stability of goods during transportation. The feature of this product series is that it can withstand heavy loads.
-Mechanical equipment packaging steel straps: They are used to firmly package mechanical equipment, ensuring it does not shake or damage the equipment when moving on vehicles.
-Steel straps for scaffolding and metal structures: Steel straps for goods are used in construction to bind and fix metal structures and scaffolding, creating safe conditions for workers to work at heights and ensuring labor safety.
-Iron straps for packaging and transporting goods: They are used to package goods from small to large. During road transportation, they tightly hold the goods, especially those that roll like wooden crates, to ensure the safety of the transporter and surrounding vehicles.
-Steel strip packaging for building materials, steel, bricks and tiles: When transporting heavy and fragile building materials, people use steel strips for packaging, which is both strong and secure, and will not damage the materials during transportation.
-Steel strapping for ceramics and glass products: For fragile items such as ceramics, porcelain and glass, steel strapping is the best choice for securing goods when transporting them to many places. Steel belts will ensure the safety of goods and limit damage during transportation.

Experience in choosing and purchasing packaging steel straps
When choosing to purchase steel strapping, the following factors should be noted to ensure the safety and efficiency of the goods during transportation and storage:
- Determine the size of the bag, whether it is small or large: The size of the bag will affect the selection of the size and thickness of the bag strap. Large and heavy packages require larger straps than small and light ones.
The weight of the goods, whether light, heavy or overweight: The weight of the goods is also an important factor in choosing strapping. If the goods are heavy or overweight, high-strength strapping should be used to ensure safety during transportation.
- Pay attention to the geometric shape of the goods: circular, square, rectangular, hexagonal, cylindrical: The shape of the goods will also affect the selection of the belt. Circular, square, rectangular, hexagonal and cylindrical packages require different types of strapping to ensure adhesion and safety.
For goods that need to be exported or meet domestic standards: If the goods are to be exported, belts that comply with the quality and safety standards stipulated during the export process must be selected.
- Indoor or outdoor use: If the belt is used outdoors, it is necessary to choose a belt that can withstand harsh environments and weather conditions.

Gain a thorough understanding of A20 stainless steel straps and A200 stainless steel buckle straps
In the modern industrial manufacturing and construction fields, stainless steel materials are highly favored for their excellent corrosion resistance, high strength and good processing performance. Among them, A20 stainless steel strips and A200 stainless steel buckles, as two important stainless steel products, are widely used in industries such as mechanical manufacturing, building structures, chemical equipment, and transportation. This article will deeply analyze the technical advantages and market value of these two products from aspects such as material properties, production processes, application scenarios and market trends, providing comprehensive reference information for professional customers.

What is A20 stainless steel strip?
A20 stainless steel strip is a material commonly used in manufacturing and processing, with its main components being iron, chromium and nickel. This alloy is designed to offer excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical strength, making it an ideal choice for industrial applications. A20 stainless steel strips are typically used in the manufacture of various products such as pipes, architectural decorations, automotive parts, and household appliances.

1.The characteristics and advantages of A20 stainless steel strips
-Material composition and Properties
A20 stainless steel strip is a high-strength austenitic stainless steel, and its typical components include:
Chromium (Cr) : 16%-18%, providing excellent corrosion resistance
Nickel (Ni) : 6%-8%, enhancing the toughness and high-temperature oxidation resistance of the material
Carbon (C) : ≤0.08%, ensuring good welding performance
Elements such as manganese (Mn) and silicon (Si) optimize processing performance

-A20 stainless steel strips have the following outstanding features:
Outstanding corrosion resistance: Suitable for humid, acidic or alkaline environments. Thanks to its high chromium content, A20 stainless steel strips perform well in humid conditions and are not prone to rust. Such as Marine engineering, chemical equipment, etc.
High strength and good ductility: Its excellent strength enables it to maintain its shape and function even when subjected to heavy loads. Suitable for cold working processes such as stamping and bending.
Excellent welding performance: A20 stainless steel strips are easy to cut, weld and shape, suitable for various complex processing requirements. It is suitable for automated welding production lines to reduce processing losses.

-Production process and quality control
The production process of A20 stainless steel strips includes:
Smelting and continuous casting: Electric arc furnaces or AOD (argon-oxygen decarburization) refining technology are adopted to ensure uniform composition.
Hot rolling and cold rolling: Through multiple passes of rolling, the strip is made to achieve an accurate thickness (usually 0.1mm-3.0mm).
Annealing and pickling: Eliminate internal stress and improve surface finish.
Finishing and slitting: Perform slitting, polishing and other treatments according to customer requirements.

-Key quality control points:
Thickness tolerance (±0.02mm)
Surface finish (different grades such as 2B, BA or No.4)
Mechanical properties (tensile strength ≥520MPa, elongation ≥40%)

-Main application fields
Electronic appliances: Battery casings, precision components
Architectural decoration: curtain walls, elevator trim panels
Automobile manufacturing: Exhaust pipe and fuel tank components
Food industry: Food processing equipment, storage tanks

What is an A200 stainless steel buckle?
A200 stainless steel buckle is an accessory used for fixation and connection, typically applied in mechanical equipment, piping systems, and building structures. It is renowned for its high strength and corrosion resistance, ensuring the stability and durability of the connection.

2. Structure and Function of A200 Stainless Steel Buckle
-Product Overview
A200 stainless steel buckle is a high-strength connecting component, mainly used for binding, fixing or hanging heavy objects, and is suitable for the logistics, construction and shipping industries. Its core advantages include:
High load capacity: Static load can reach over 500kg
Strong corrosion resistance: Made of AISI 304 or 316 stainless steel
Quick locking design: Easy to install and disassemble

-Design and manufacturing processes
The A200 buckle is usually composed of the following components:
The buckle body is formed by precision casting or stamping
Locking mechanism: Spring or ratchet structure to ensure tight fastening without loosening
Surface treatment: Galvanization, powder coating or passivation treatment are available as options

-Production process flow:
Material selection: Use A20 or higher grade stainless steel strips
Stamping forming: High-precision molds are used to ensure dimensional consistency
Welding and polishing: Laser welding reduces thermal deformation
Load test: Quality verification is carried out through a tensile testing machine

-Typical application scenarios
Logistics and transportation: Container strapping, goods fixation
Construction industry: Scaffolding fixation, steel structure connection
Shipbuilding: Cable fixation, deck equipment installation

-Advantages of A200 stainless steel buckle:
High reliability: Due to the use of high-quality stainless steel materials, the A200 stainless steel buckle can withstand various stresses under extreme environmental conditions.
Versatility: This buckle can adapt to components of various sizes and shapes, making it an ideal choice for engineers and architects.
Durability: Even in harsh environments, the A200 stainless steel buckle can maintain its function and appearance for a long time.

The application fields of A20 stainless steel strips and A200 stainless steel buckles
These two products play important roles in multiple industries. For instance, in the construction industry, A20 stainless steel strips are often used for exterior wall decoration and roofing materials, while A200 stainless steel band buckles are employed to secure these materials. In automotive manufacturing, A20 stainless steel strips are used for body components, while A200 stainless steel buckles are used to connect different mechanical parts.

3. Market Trends and Purchasing suggestions
-Industry demand is increasing
With the increase in global manufacturing and infrastructure investment, the market demand for stainless steel belts and buckles has been continuously rising, especially in emerging fields such as new energy and Marine engineering.

-Key Points for Selection
Material certification: Ensure compliance with ASTM, JIS or GB standards
Supplier qualifications: Select manufacturers with ISO 9001 certification
Customized service: Select parameters such as thickness and hardness based on the application scenario

-Future development direction
Lightweight design: Thinner but stronger stainless steel strips
Intelligent production: Integrating Internet of Things technology to achieve quality traceability
Environmental protection process: Reduce acid washing pollution and promote green manufacturing

I. International Standards for Stainless Steel
The international standards for stainless steel are mainly formulated by the following organizations. Different countries and regions may adopt different standard systems:
ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
ISO 15510: Standard for Chemical Composition of Stainless Steel (Similar to the European EN standard)
ISO 9445: Stainless steel cold-rolled narrow strip
ISO 6931: Stainless steel spring wire

ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials)
ASTM A240: Pressure vessels and general stainless steel plates, thin plates and strips
ASTM A276: Stainless steel bars and sections
ASTM A312: Stainless steel seamless and welded pipes
ASTM A479: Stainless steel bars and sections (for machining)

EN (European Standard)
EN 10088: General standard for Stainless steel (e.g. 1.4301 corresponds to 304,1.4401 corresponds to 316)
EN 10217-7: Stainless steel welded tubes

JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard)
JIS G4303: Stainless steel bars
JIS G4304: Hot-rolled stainless steel plate
JIS G4305: Cold-rolled stainless steel plate

GB (Chinese National Standard)
GB/T 3280: Cold-rolled stainless steel plates and steel strips
GB/T 4237: Stainless steel hot-rolled plates and steel strips
GB/T 1220: Stainless Steel bars

Ii. Main Types of Stainless Steel Exported by China
China is the world's largest producer and exporter of stainless steel, mainly exporting the following types of stainless steel:
1. Classified by material
Austenitic Stainless Steel (the most commonly used, accounting for approximately 70% of exports)
304 (AISI 304 / EN 1.4301) : General-purpose type, used in kitchenware, construction and food industries
316 (AISI 316 / EN 1.4401) : Contains molybdenum (Mo), has stronger corrosion resistance, and is used in Marine and chemical industries
321 (AISI 321) : Contains titanium (Ti), is heat-resistant, and is used in aviation and heat exchangers

Martensitic Stainless Steel
410 (AISI 410) : High hardness, used for cutting tools and mechanical parts
420 (AISI 420) : Higher hardness, used for surgical instruments and bearings

Ferritic Stainless Steel
430 (AISI 430) : Average corrosion resistance, used for household appliances and decoration
443 (AISI 443) : A low-cost corrosion-resistant stainless steel alternative to 304

Duplex Stainless Steel
2205 (AISI 2205 / EN 1.4462) : High strength + corrosion resistance, used in chemical industry and petroleum

2. Classification by product form
Sheet/coil: Cold-rolled (2B, BA, No.8 mirror surface), hot-rolled (NO.1)
Pipe materials: Seamless pipes, welded pipes (ASTM A312 / EN 10217-7)
Bars/wires: Round bars, hexagonal bars, stainless steel wires
Profiles: Angle steel, channel steel, stainless steel square tubes

3. Major export markets
In the European and American markets, high-specification stainless steels such as 316 and 304 are preferred, and they are required to comply with ASTM/EN standards
Southeast Asia/Middle East market: Commonly used 304 and 430, with high price sensitivity
The Japanese and South Korean markets: Tend to follow JIS standards, such as SUS304 and SUS316

Iii. Precautions for Export
Certification Requirements:
The European Union requires CE certification, the United States requires ASTM standards, and some industries (food and medical) require FDA certification
Packaging standard:
Anti-rust paper and wooden box/iron frame packaging to prevent corrosion during sea transportation
Trade barriers
Europe and the United States may impose anti-dumping duties on Chinese stainless steel. Attention should be paid to the policies

If more specific standards or export suggestions are needed, you can provide the product type (such as plates, pipes) and the target market, and I can further optimize and recommend!

Stainless steel pole belt
Stainless steel utility pole tape is a type of stainless steel tape used for fixing electricity meters, installing electrical cabinets, and setting up optical cable junction boxes on utility poles, telecommunication poles, and alarm light poles. Stainless steel pole belts have the ability to resist corrosion and rust in extreme rain, can withstand huge pressure, and ensure that the equipment is fixed on the pole for a long time. The advantage of stainless steel utility poles is that they do not need to be replaced or maintained regularly, and they can save a lot of installation costs. Stainless steel pole belts are widely used in fixed electrical cabinets, electrical boxes and pole boxes. Not only that, stainless steel power cords also play a significant role in hanging road signs, installing road signs and camera equipment. Because outdoor applications are often directly exposed to rain and corrosive substances, it is necessary to choose stainless steel belts with good wear resistance and high durability to ensure the safe hanging of the equipment and not endanger pedestrians. What is stainless steel wire? Understand the application and standards, and choose the efficiency of purchasing stainless steel lead screws.

What is stainless steel wire?

Stainless steel band is a kind of fastening band made of stainless steel or stainless steel, and its planar structure forms a coil form. During use, the stainless steel strip coil is cut into sections that match the circumference of the object to be fixed on the electric column. The stainless steel strip sections are combined with the stainless steel strip lock to fix the equipment on the electric column. Due to the particularity of the installation work, stainless steel pole strips need to have anti-corrosion capabilities and be able to withstand the physical and chemical effects of weather. Therefore, the inox utility pole belt can secure the equipment on the utility pole for decades and keep it safe without replacement, thus saving costs.

What are the uses of stainless steel strips?

Under normal circumstances, power companies and telecommunications companies will allow the installation of electrical cabinets, optical cable equipment or mailboxes on utility poles without drilling holes to protect the structure of the utility poles. Stainless steel pole belts are widely used due to their flexible installation methods and can be fixed on poles without drilling. Not only that, stainless steel pole belts are also used to fix safety cameras, navigation signs or pole warnings at key positions. Continue to study the following typical applications of stainless steel wire:
Put the electrical box and the electrical cabinet on the utility pole
Due to the considerable weight of the electrical cabinet, the electrical columns that need to be installed with stainless steel strips must have a large load-bearing capacity, with a width of at least 20 millimeters and a corresponding thickness of 0.7 millimeters or more. Some large electrical cabinets require stainless steel pole strips that are 30 millimeters or 35 millimeters wide, with a thickness of at least 1 millimeter. In order to install the electrical cabinet on the utility pole, it is necessary to install appropriate stainless steel straps for locking to keep it fixed during the fastening process. By this method, installers do not have to drill screws on the utility poles to ensure their safety. The utility pole is made of stainless steel and is very durable, so it can remain a fixed electrical cabinet for many years when it needs to be replaced. Especially during the process of replacing or repairing stainless steel strips, the electric pole can be easily disassembled without affecting the electric pole and the electrical cabinet.
Install telecommunication equipment, optical cable boxes or cameras on utility poles
In addition to electrical cabinets, stainless steel utility poles are also used to install telecommunication equipment, optical cable boxes and surveillance cameras on them. In this installation case, stainless steel column straps can meet various shapes and sizes from circular columns to hexagonal columns through the plasticity and malleability of stainless steel materials. Most importantly, the accessories of the inox belt lock will determine whether the belt is fixed to the utility pole and whether it can secure the device outdoors. For these installation applications, its load-bearing capacity is relatively light and it is suitable for stainless steel pole strips with a width of 13 to 16 millimeters and a thickness of 0.5 to 0.8 millimeters.
Twisted pair cable clamping Twisted pair cable clamping Twisted pair cable clamping Twisted pair cable clamping Twisted pair cable clamping Twisted pair cable clamping Twisted pair cable clamping Twisted pair cable clamping Twisted pair cable clamping Twisted pair cable clamping
During the installation of power poles, some lines use two parallel power poles to increase the load. In this case, stainless steel utility pole strips are used to connect two utility poles together, ensuring that they do not tilt or tip over and lose balance, thereby reducing the load. Based on the position and function of each column, determine the number of stainless steel strips that need to be tightened. For instance, new columns and corner columns usually bear greater loads, so 3 to 4 stainless steel strips should be installed, while straight columns only require 2 to 3 stainless steel strips, which is appropriate. Stainless steel pole belts should be selected with widths of 20mm, 25mm, 30mm or 35mm and thicknesses ranging from 0.8mm to 1mm.
Tie the wire pipe to the utility pole
In some cases, the equipment installed on the utility poles needs to be connected to cables to achieve the functions of controlling, transmitting and distributing electricity. Wires should not be placed outdoors to avoid the influence of environmental factors such as temperature, humidity and pests. Instead, they should be placed in safe and protective pipes. During the installation process, use stainless steel strips to fix the pipes to the utility poles to firmly secure the cables and reduce damage, especially for loose joints that require a lot of effort and cost to repair.
Hang live warning signs and direction signs on the utility poles
Stainless steel strips for utility poles are also used to fix warning signs and direction signs on the road. Using stainless steel straps for fixation helps save costs and can be easily removed when you want to change or edit the logo. Especially the stainless steel strips, which can be firmly tightened to ensure the safety of pedestrians and at the same time enhance the aesthetic appeal of the utility poles. Under normal circumstances, the fixation of electric billboards requires the use of 2 to 3 stainless steel band clips to ensure the long-term stability of the billboards. The widths of stainless steel strips used for hanging signs and direction signs range from 13mm, 15mm to 20mm.
What types of stainless steel strips are commonly used for utility poles nowadays?

At present, various types of stainless steel rods and strips are available on the market. Generally, depending on the installation requirements, different types of stainless steel strips with different qualities and prices are selected, such as 316 stainless steel strips, 430 stainless steel strips, and 201 stainless steel strips. Among them, 304 stainless steel strips remain the most popular. 304 stainless steel strips have excellent corrosion resistance and can be used in frequently humid environments. The 430 stainless steel strip, on the other hand, is more economical and suitable for outdoor use in natural conditions with lower corrosive factors. To select the appropriate stainless steel strip for utility poles, you can learn about the following types of stainless steel strips in detail:
304 stainless steel strip
316 Stainless steel strip
Stainless steel strip 430
Stainless steel Strip 201

What are the stainless steel rod binding accessories?
To secure stainless steel bands to utility poles, manufacturers have designed many types of specialized accessories, including stainless steel band locks and band fastening pliers. Stainless steel belt buckles come in a variety of different sizes and materials to suit each type of stainless steel belt. When you need to stretch and tighten, the stainless steel strapping pliers are dedicated tools that support quick installation. The following lists the types of stainless steel band fasteners and stainless steel band clamps used for utility poles for your reference.
304 stainless steel belt buckle
316 stainless steel belt buckle
Stainless steel belt buckle 430
Stainless steel belt buckle 201
YBICO S240 stainless steel strapping pliers
YBICO S262 stainless steel strapping pliers
How to choose and purchase stainless steel strips for utility poles to achieve high efficiency?

Stainless steel utility pole belt is a kind of stainless steel belt, which has the advantages of being very strong, safe and flexible. It features a multi-functional design and is easy to use or transport. However, it is necessary to choose high-quality stainless steel utility pole belts, which have strong load-bearing capacity and can withstand harsh weather conditions, so that they can be used for many years. In addition, stainless steel utility pole cable ties also need to be packed compactly and conveniently to facilitate use and carrying. The following are the standards for choosing stainless steel strips suitable for utility poles.

The size of the stainless steel strip for the utility pole should be suitable for its load-bearing capacity.
Stainless steel strips for utility poles are often used in areas frequently subject to friction and for fixing equipment with considerable weight. Therefore, the primary selection criterion is high load-bearing capacity. Therefore, it is necessary to choose stainless steel strips made of high-quality stainless steel, which have excellent hardness and scratch resistance. But the most important thing to pay attention to is the thickness and width of the stainless steel strip of the utility pole. The greater the thickness and width, the greater the fastening force. For light installation applications, only belts with a width of 13 millimeters or 15 millimeters and a thickness of 0.4 millimeters to 0.5 millimeters are required. For the installation of heavy-duty electrical cabinets, 20mm or 25mm stainless steel utility pole strips with a thickness of 0.7mm to 1mm must be used to ensure a safe load-bearing capacity.
Select the stainless steel strip material suitable for the installation environment of the utility pole
Stainless steel strips for utility poles are often exposed to outdoor high-temperature and high-humidity environments and need to have good durability to be used for a long time. When making a choice, customers should give priority to belts with high chromium and nickel content, which have corrosion resistance, will not rust when exposed to water or other chemicals in the environment, and are less affected by high temperatures. Under normal circumstances, the materials of stainless steel utility pole belts are 304, 316 or 430. For instance, in natural environments, only 430 stainless steel strips are needed. However, for coastal environments or areas with strong corrosive chemicals, 304 or 316 stainless steel strips should be used to ensure good resistance.
Pay attention to the form and packaging to facilitate use and carrying
One selection criterion that customers need to keep in mind when choosing stainless steel utility pole belts is ease of use and portability. The details of the stainless steel band must ensure that it does not fold, has uniform dimensions, and is carefully processed to easily pass through the buckle and tighten, ensuring the safety of the electrician. In addition, during the construction process, a large amount of stainless steel strapping is needed, and the working environment is all at high altitudes. Therefore, customers also need to pay attention to the neat packaging specifications, appropriate weight, convenient transportation, faster operation, and ensure the safety of the installers.

304 stainless steel, as a typical representative of 18-8 type austenitic stainless steel, is one of the most widely used stainless steel varieties. When the thickness is reduced to the ultra-thin specification of 0.5 millimeters, its performance and processing technology are significantly different from those of products with conventional thickness. With the continuous improvement of modern industry's requirements for material lightweighting and precision, the application scope of ultra-thin stainless steel is constantly expanding, and the research on its performance and process optimization are particularly important.

1.Basic characteristics of 304 stainless steel
The chemical composition balance of 304 stainless steel is the basis of its excellent performance. The typical components include 18%-20% chromium and 8%-10.5% nickel, while the carbon content is controlled below 0.08%. This ratio ensures the material's excellent corrosion resistance in most environments, especially its resistance to organic acids and oxidizing media.
In terms of physical properties, the density of 304 stainless steel is approximately 7.93g/cm³, with a relatively low thermal conductivity and a high coefficient of thermal expansion. These characteristics require special attention in 0.5mm thin plate applications, as the thin specification amplifies the impact of thermal deformation. In terms of mechanical properties, the typical yield strength of annealed 304 stainless steel is 205MPa, the tensile strength is 515MPa, and the elongation can reach over 40%. This excellent plasticity makes it highly suitable for stamping and deep drawing processing.
When the thickness drops to 0.5 millimeters, the anisotropy of the material becomes more obvious. The texture formed during the rolling process can lead to differences in the mechanical properties of the thin plate in the transverse and longitudinal directions, which must be taken into account in the precision forming process. Meanwhile, the ultra-thin specifications have stricter requirements for surface quality. Any minor defect may affect the performance of the final product.
304 stainless steel has the following characteristics:
- Excellent corrosion resistance: 304 stainless steel demonstrates outstanding corrosion resistance in atmospheric environments and many chemical media.
- Excellent mechanical properties: 304 stainless steel has moderate strength, good ductility and toughness, and is suitable for processing into various shapes.
- Strong weldability: It can be processed by various welding methods and still maintain good performance after welding.
- Attractive surface: The surface of 304 stainless steel is bright and shiny. After polishing, it can better display the metallic texture and is suitable for decorative purposes.

2.The processing technology of 2.0.5 mm thick 304 stainless steel
The processing of 0.5mm thick 304 stainless steel requires special process control. In the rolling process, a multi-pass precision cold rolling process must be adopted, combined with intermediate annealing to eliminate work hardening. The precise control of rolling force is crucial for ensuring thickness uniformity, and the tolerance is usually required to be controlled within ±0.02 millimeters.
Stamping forming is the most common processing method for thin plate 304 stainless steel. Due to the low rigidity of the material at a thickness of 0.5 millimeters, wrinkling and springback are prone to occur, and it is necessary to optimize the mold design and process parameters. Increasing the blank holder force, adopting stepped deep drawing and appropriate lubrication can all effectively improve the forming quality. For particularly complex parts, a multi-process progressive forming process is sometimes required.
In terms of welding, 0.5mm thin plate 304 stainless steel is suitable for high-precision welding methods such as laser welding and micro-beam plasma welding. Traditional arc welding is highly prone to burn-through and deformation, and the heat input must be strictly controlled. Appropriate heat treatment after welding can restore the corrosion resistance of the heat-affected zone. In terms of surface treatment, electrolytic polishing and chemical passivation are commonly used methods, which can significantly improve the surface quality and corrosion resistance of ultra-thin stainless steel.
Advantages of a thickness of 0.5 millimeters:
- Lightweight design: With a thickness of only 0.5 millimeters, this type of sheet is relatively light in weight, making it highly suitable for scenarios where weight reduction is required, such as the casings of electronic devices or small structural components.
- Easy to process: Its thinner thickness makes it more labor-saving during cutting, bending, stamping and other processing procedures, thereby improving production efficiency.
-Save material costs: Under the premise of meeting the strength requirements, the use of thin plates can effectively reduce the amount of material used and lower costs.
-Strong flexibility: This thickness of sheet has good flexibility and performs well in applications that require certain bending or complex shapes.

3.The application fields of 3.0.5 mm thick 304 stainless steel
In the field of electronics and electrical appliances, 0.5mm thick 304 stainless steel is widely used in precision connectors, shielding covers and micro-structural components. Its excellent electromagnetic shielding performance and corrosion resistance meet the dual demands of electronic products for reliability and precision. For instance, SIM card trays in smart phones commonly adopt this specification of material, which not only ensures strength but also achieves lightweight.
Medical devices are another important application field of ultra-thin 304 stainless steel. Surgical instruments, dental equipment and implant casings have extremely high requirements for the biocompatibility and precision processability of materials. A thickness of 0.5 millimeters can not only meet the strength requirements, but also facilitate the manufacturing of fine structures and sterilization treatment.
In the food industry, this material is mainly used for high-end food packaging and kitchen equipment. Its ultra-thin feature reduces the amount of material used while maintaining the hygiene performance of stainless steel. It particularly demonstrates unique advantages in innovative packaging designs such as easy-open LIDS and capsule coffee bags. In addition, in the field of architectural decoration, 0.5mm 304 stainless steel thin plates can be used to make high-end curtain wall veneers, which are both aesthetically pleasing and durable.
0.5mm thick stainless steel 304 plates have been widely used in the following fields:
-Household appliances: such as microwave oven inner linings, dishwasher components, and surface decorations of kitchenware, etc.
- Architectural decoration: It is used in scenarios such as wall decoration, ceilings, and elevator panels, being both aesthetically pleasing and durable.
-Electronic devices: As the casing material for mobile phones, laptops and other devices, it can not only provide protection but also enhance the texture of the products.
- Medical devices: Due to its corrosion resistance and easy cleaning properties, it is used to manufacture the casings of medical tools and equipment.
- Automotive industry: Used in the manufacturing of automotive decorative parts or certain lightweight components.

4.Precautions for Use
Although stainless steel 304 has excellent performance, the following points still need to be noted in practical use:
- Avoid long-term exposure to strong acids and alkalis: Although 304 stainless steel is corrosion-resistant, it may suffer from corrosion in high-concentration acid and alkali environments.
- Prevent surface scratches: 0.5mm in thickness is relatively thin. During handling and processing, avoid scratches from sharp objects to prevent affecting appearance and performance.
- Regular maintenance and cleaning: Especially in a humid environment, regular cleaning can extend its service life.

A detailed explanation of the process of water plating black titanium on Stainless steel
Stainless steel is widely used in various fields due to its corrosion resistance and high strength. Moreover, by adding color and texture to stainless steel through surface treatment processes, it has shone brightly in decoration, construction and industrial fields. Among them, water plating of black titanium is a highly favored surface treatment technology that endows stainless steel with an elegant black metallic luster. Today, let's take a detailed look at the process of water plating black titanium on stainless steel and the relevant precautions.

What is water-plated black titanium?
Water plating of black titanium is a process that uses electrochemical principles to form a black titanium compound film layer on the surface of stainless steel. This film layer can not only enhance the corrosion resistance and wear resistance of stainless steel, but also endow the surface with a unique decorative effect. Compared with traditional spraying or electroplating processes, water plating of black titanium has the advantages of being environmentally friendly, having strong adhesion and uniform color.

The main steps of water plating black titanium
1. Workpiece pretreatment
Before water plating of black titanium, stainless steel workpieces must undergo adequate pretreatment to ensure that the surface is clean, free of oxides and oil stains. Preprocessing usually includes the following several steps:
- Degreasing: Use alkaline cleaning agents or ultrasonic cleaning equipment to remove grease from the surface of the workpiece.
- Pickling: Use dilute nitric acid or other acidic solutions to remove the surface oxide layer and rust.
- Water washing: Thoroughly rinse the workpiece with pure water to avoid residual chemical substances.
2. Activation treatment
In order to enhance the adhesion of the coating, it is necessary to activate the surface of the workpiece. Usually, the workpiece is soaked in an acidic solution for a short time to make the surface smoother and remove trace residues.
3. Preparation of black titanium plating solution
Water plating of black titanium requires the use of a specific plating solution, which is usually composed of titanium ions, complexing agents, additives and other components. The ratio and temperature of the plating solution have a significant impact on the final effect. Therefore, it is necessary to strictly follow the formula for mixing and maintain the stability of the solution.
4. Electroplating process
The stainless steel workpieces that have undergone pretreatment and activation are immersed in the black titanium plating solution, and electroplating begins after being electrified. At this point, titanium ions are deposited on the surface of the workpiece under the action of an electric field, gradually forming a uniform black film layer. Current density, time and temperature are important parameters that determine the quality of the film layer and need to be adjusted according to the material and requirements of the workpiece.
5. Post-processing
After electroplating is completed, the workpiece needs to undergo subsequent treatment to enhance the performance of the film layer and the appearance effect:
- Cleaning: Rinse off the residual plating solution on the surface with pure water.
- Drying: Dry the workpiece to prevent water stains from affecting the surface gloss.
- Sealing: In some cases, the film layer can be sealed to enhance its corrosion resistance.
6. Quality Inspection
The final step is to conduct a quality inspection on the completed workpiece to ensure that the film layer is uniform, defect-free, and meets the expected decorative effect and performance requirements.

The advantages of water plating of black titanium
1. High-end and grand appearance: The black titanium film layer presents a deep and uniform black metallic luster, which is highly decorative.
2. Strong corrosion resistance: The black titanium film layer can effectively protect the stainless steel substrate and extend its service life.
3. Good environmental friendliness: Compared with traditional electroplating processes, water plating of black titanium is more environmentally friendly and causes less pollution to the environment.
4. Strong adhesion: The film layer is closely bonded to the substrate and is not easy to peel off or be scratched.

Precautions
1. Strictly control process parameters: Parameters such as temperature, current density, and time directly affect the quality of the coating and need to be precisely controlled.
2. Keep the working environment clean: Impurities may cause coating defects, so the working environment and equipment need to be cleaned regularly.
3. Select high-quality raw materials: The composition of the plating solution and the quality of the stainless steel substrate are crucial to the final effect.
4. Properly handle waste liquid: Although water plating of black titanium is relatively environmentally friendly, it is still necessary to properly handle the waste liquid to avoid polluting the environment.

Application field
Water-plated black titanium is widely used in high-end decoration, household goods, electronic product casings, automotive parts and other fields, for example:
Columns and guardrails in architectural decoration;
High-end kitchenware and tableware;
Consumer electronic products such as watches and mobile phone cases.

Basic Overview of 904L Stainless Steel
1. Material definition
904L is a high-alloy austenitic stainless steel with extremely low carbon content (UNS N08904, national standard grade: 015Cr21Ni26Mo5Cu2), belonging to the category of super stainless steel. Its chemical composition characteristics are:
High nickel (Ni 23-25%), high molybdenum (Mo 4.5-5.5%), copper (Cu 1.0-2.0%), carbon content ≤0.02%, and has extremely strong corrosion resistance.
Compared with common stainless steels (such as 304, 316L) : The higher content of alloying elements makes it perform outstandingly in highly corrosive environments, especially resistant to non-oxidizing acids such as sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, formic acid, and acetic acid.
2. Physical properties
Density: 8.0 g/cm³
Melting point: 1300-1390℃
Tensile strength: ≥490 MPa
Elongation: ≥35%
Corrosion resistance: Its corrosion resistance in dilute sulfuric acid far exceeds that of 316L, approaching that of high-alloy nickel-based alloys (such as Hastelloy), but at a lower cost.

Core Features and Advantages
1. Super corrosion resistance
Non-oxidizing acids: They are not easily corroded in environments such as sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and hydrochloric acid, and are widely used in chemical, pharmaceutical, and pickling equipment.
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance: The high nickel content makes it less prone to stress corrosion in a chloride environment, which is superior to that of ordinary austenitic stainless steel.
2. Stable high-temperature performance
It can be used for a long time within the range of -196℃ to 250℃ and is suitable for high-temperature scenarios such as heat exchangers and pressure vessels.
3. Good processing and weldability
Although it is slightly more difficult to process than 304 stainless steel, it can still be formed through conventional processes. During welding, attention should be paid to controlling the heat input to avoid intergranular corrosion. '

Typical Application Fields
1. Chemical industry
The chemical industry is one of the most important application fields of 904L stainless steel. In chemical production, many devices need to be in long-term contact with strong acids, strong alkalis or other corrosive chemicals. Due to its excellent corrosion resistance, 904L stainless steel has become an ideal choice. For example:
Acidic environment equipment: 904L can effectively resist the corrosion of strong acids such as sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid, and is thus often used in the manufacture of storage tanks, pipelines, heat exchangers and other equipment.
Chemical reactors: Reactors operating in highly corrosive media require high strength and high corrosion resistance. The 904L can meet these demands.
2. Marine Engineering
There is a large amount of salt and moisture in the Marine environment, which poses extremely high requirements for the corrosion resistance of materials. 904L stainless steel has been widely used in Marine engineering due to its excellent resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion. For example:
Seawater desalination equipment: In an environment with a high concentration of brine, 904L can effectively resist the erosion of chloride ions.
- Shipbuilding: It is used to manufacture key components in ships, such as propeller shafts, seawater cooling systems, etc.
- Offshore platforms: including structural components in oil drilling platforms and offshore wind power generation equipment.
3. Pharmaceutical industry
The pharmaceutical industry has very strict requirements for equipment materials. They not only need to be corrosion-resistant but also meet food-grade hygiene standards. The applications of 904L stainless steel in the pharmaceutical industry include:
- Reaction vessels and agitators: Used for processing high-purity chemicals and pharmaceutical raw materials.
- Pipeline system: It is used for transporting high-purity liquids to ensure no pollution during the pharmaceutical production process.
- Storage container: Suitable for storing corrosive liquids or high-purity raw materials.
4. The oil and gas industry
In the oil and gas industry, equipment often comes into contact with corrosive media such as sulfides and chlorides. 904L stainless steel is widely used in the following scenarios due to its resistance to stress corrosion cracking:
- Oil pipeline: Used for transporting sulfur-containing crude oil or natural gas.
- Refining equipment: such as heat exchangers, pressure vessels, etc.
Submarine pipelines: Capable of withstanding corrosive media in deep-sea environments.
5. Environmental protection industry
In the field of environmental protection, especially in wastewater treatment and flue gas desulfurization systems, 904L stainless steel also has significant applications. For example:
Wastewater treatment equipment: It is used to treat wastewater containing strong acids, strong alkalis or other corrosive substances.
Flue gas desulfurization equipment: In coal-fired power plants, desulfurization towers need to resist the invasion of high temperatures, high humidity and corrosive gases. 904L is an ideal choice.
6. High-end consumer goods sector
In addition to the industrial field, 904L stainless steel is also widely used in the manufacturing of high-end consumer goods, especially in the luxury goods sector. For example:
- Watch manufacturing: Some high-end watch brands use 904L stainless steel to make watch cases and bracelets, as this material is not only aesthetically pleasing but also can maintain its luster for a long time.
Jewelry: 904L has excellent antioxidant properties and is not prone to discoloration, thus it is used to make high-end jewelry.
7. Food processing industry
The food processing industry has extremely high requirements for the hygiene and corrosion resistance of materials. 904L stainless steel has become an important choice for food processing equipment due to its non-toxic, harmless and easy-to-clean properties. For example:
Dairy processing equipment: such as milk tanks, mixing tanks, etc.
- Beer brewing equipment: such as fermentation tanks and storage tanks.
Food delivery pipelines: Ensure the safety and purity of food during the processing.

Market Status Quo and Development Trends
1.Supply and demand situation
On the supply side, major global producers include ThyssenKrupp, ArcelorMittal, Baowu Special Steel, etc. Domestic enterprises such as Taiyuan Iron & Steel and Zhangpu have gradually increased their production capacity in recent years.
Demand side: The demand in emerging markets (such as chemicals in Southeast Asia and infrastructure in Africa) has grown significantly, driving 904L stainless steel from "high-end niche" to "medium-scale application".
2. Price trend
Cost-driven: Significantly affected by the price fluctuations of alloying elements such as nickel and molybdenum, the current domestic price of 904L stainless steel plates is approximately 80,000 to 120,000 yuan per ton (2025), while that of coil plates is slightly lower (75,000 to 110,000 yuan per ton).
The competitive landscape: Imported brands (such as Outokumpu) are relatively expensive, and the trend of domestic substitution is obvious, with a prominent advantage in terms of cost performance.
3. Technological Development direction
Low-carbonization: Further reduce the carbon content (such as ≤0.015%) to enhance welding performance and corrosion resistance.
Composite production: Bimetallic plates are produced by compounding with carbon steel, reducing costs while maintaining corrosion resistance, and are suitable for non-critical corrosive surfaces.

Precautions for Purchase and Use
Identification of authenticity
The contents of Ni, Mo and Cu are detected through spectral analysis to avoid inferior counterfeits (such as those passed off as low-nickel alloys).
Require the supplier to provide the material report (such as the EN 10204 3.1 certificate).
Processing suggestions
When performing cutting operations, lubricants containing sulfur or chlorine are used, and the cutting tools need to be wear-resistant (such as hard alloy).
Welding is recommended to use ER385 (904L dedicated) welding wire. No heat treatment is required after welding, but the sensitization temperature (427-816℃) should be avoided.
Maintenance and upkeep
Avoid long-term retention of chloride ions (such as seawater and salt spray), and rinse the surface with clean water regularly.
If local corrosion occurs, it can be repaired with stainless steel pickling and passivation paste.

What is 439 stainless steel?
439 stainless steel is a ferritic stainless steel mainly composed of iron, chromium and a small amount of titanium. It belongs to the 400 series stainless steel and features excellent corrosion resistance and good formability. Due to the presence of the stabilizing element titanium (Ti) in its chemical composition, 439 stainless steel performs particularly well in terms of weldability and resistance to intergranular corrosion.

The chemical composition of 439 stainless steel
The main chemical components of 439 stainless steel are as follows:
Chromium (Cr) : Approximately 17%-19%, providing excellent corrosion resistance.
Iron (Fe) : The main component.
Titanium (Ti) : A small amount of titanium is added to enhance welding performance and prevent intergranular corrosion.
Carbon (C) : It has a relatively low content, generally less than 0.03%, to ensure the material's toughness and corrosion resistance.

The characteristics of 439 stainless steel
1. Strong corrosion resistance
Due to its high chromium content, 439 stainless steel has excellent corrosion resistance in many environments, especially in humid conditions or weakly acidic conditions.
2. Excellent welding performance
After adding titanium, 439 stainless steel can effectively prevent intergranular corrosion during the welding process, making it an ideal choice for applications that require welding.
3. Low coefficient of thermal expansion
Compared with austenitic stainless steel, 439 stainless steel has a lower coefficient of thermal expansion, thus it performs more stably and is less prone to deformation in high-temperature environments.
4. Good processing performance
439 stainless steel has excellent cold working properties and is suitable for forming processes such as stamping and drawing.
5. Magnetic properties
As a ferritic stainless steel, 439 stainless steel is magnetic, which makes it very useful in certain special applications.

The application fields of 439 stainless steel
Due to its excellent performance, 439 stainless steel is widely used in the following fields:
1. Automotive industry
439 stainless steel is often used in components of automotive exhaust systems, such as mufflers and exhaust pipes. This is because it has excellent corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance in high-temperature environments.
2. Household appliances
In the home appliance industry, 439 stainless steel is used to manufacture components such as the inner drum of washing machines and the inner tank of water heaters, mainly taking advantage of its corrosion resistance and high strength.
3. Architectural decoration
Due to its attractive appearance and corrosion resistance, 439 stainless steel is also used in building decoration materials, such as roof and wall decorative panels.
4. Food processing equipment
439 stainless steel is used in the food industry to manufacture food processing equipment and storage containers, ensuring food safety and extending the service life of the equipment.

A comparison between 439 stainless steel and other stainless steels
Compared with the common 304 austenitic stainless steel, although 439 stainless steel has slightly inferior corrosion resistance, it performs more stably in high-temperature environments and has a lower cost. In addition, compared with 430 stainless steel, 439 has stronger weldability and resistance to intergranular corrosion due to the addition of titanium.

What surface treatment processes can 439 stainless steel undergo
Mechanical surface treatment
(1) Grinding
Process: Use a grinding wheel or abrasive belt to grind and obtain a uniform matte surface.
Features: Improves surface flatness, suitable for subsequent coating or welding.
Application: Automotive exhaust pipes, structural components of industrial equipment.
(2) Polishing
Mirror Polish:
Gradually use polishing wheels from coarse to fine (#180→#2000) to achieve high reflectivity.
The difficulty lies in that ferrite has a relatively low hardness and is prone to scratches, so the pressure needs to be controlled.
Hairline/Brushed:
Unidirectional wire drawing forms straight lines, and commonly uses #180-#400 mesh sand belts.
Application: Elevator decoration, home appliance panels (such as the back of gas stoves).
(3) Sandblasting (Sandblasting)
Process: High-speed injection of alumina or glass beads is used to form a uniform frosted surface.
Advantages: Enhance coating adhesion and hide scratches.
Subdivision type:
Dry sandblasting: Roughness is controllable (Ra 1.5-6.3μm).
Wet sandblasting: Reduces dust and makes the surface finer.
Application: Building curtain walls, inner walls of chemical equipment.

Chemical surface treatment
(1) Pickling & Passivation
Technology:
Pickling: A mixture of hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid (HF+HNO₃) is used to remove the oxide scale.
Passivation: Treatment with nitric acid (HNO₃) or citric acid to form a chromium oxide film.
Key points:
The titanium stabilizing element of 439 May affect the passivation effect, and the acid concentration needs to be optimized.
After treatment, thorough rinsing is required to prevent local corrosion caused by titanium residue.
Application: Food processing equipment, medical devices (must comply with FDA standards).
(2) Electropolishing
Process: Pass an electric current through a phosphoric acid + sulfuric acid electrolyte to selectively dissolve the microscopic protrusions on the surface.
Advantages:
Reduce surface roughness (Ra can reach 0.1μm) and enhance corrosion resistance.
It can remove processing stress and is suitable for precision parts.
Limitations: High cost, suitable for small or high value-added products (such as semiconductor equipment components).

Coating treatment
(1) PVD coating (Physical Vapor Deposition
Process: Ion plating of titanium, chromium and other metal layers in a vacuum environment.
Effect: Decorative surfaces in gold, black, etc., while enhancing wear resistance.
Application: High-end kitchenware and bathroom hardware.
(2) Electroplating
Optional coatings: nickel, chromium (pre-nickel plating is required first to improve adhesion).
Note: The expansion coefficients of the ferrite substrate and the coating differ greatly, making it prone to peeling off. Therefore, the process must be strictly controlled.

Special texture processing
(1) Chemical Etching
Process: Engraving patterns through a mask + acidic etching solution (such as FeCl₃).
Application: Decorative panels, brand signs.
(2) Laser Engraving
Advantages: High-precision marking of serial numbers and logos, contactless and non-deforming.

What exactly are the differences between 201 and 904L stainless steel?

Stainless steel, as an important metallic material, is widely used in multiple fields such as construction, industry, medical care, and catering. Among the stainless steel family, different models such as 201, 304, 316L, and 904L often leave people dazzled. So, what exactly are the differences among these stainless steels? Today, let's take a detailed look.

Model performance comparison

Model

Corrosion resistance

Strength

Cost

Processability

Application scenarios

201

Weak

High

Low

General

Decorative materials, low-end tableware

304

Excellent

Medium

Medium

Excellent

Kitchen utensils, food equipment

316

Excellent

Medium

High

Excellent

Medical equipment, marine equipment

430

Weak

Medium

Low

Good

Household appliance housing, decorative materials

2205

Excellent

High

High

General

Petrochemical, high-pressure pipelines

904L

Excellent

Medium

Extremely high

General

Chemical equipment, high-end watches

1. Basic concepts of stainless steel
Stainless steel is a kind of chromium-containing alloy steel, and its main feature is strong corrosion resistance. According to its chemical composition and microstructure, stainless steel can be classified into several major categories, such as austenitic, ferritic, martensitic and duplex stainless steel. Among them, 201, 304, 316L and 904L all belong to austenitic stainless steels. Their corrosion resistance and mechanical properties mainly depend on the content of alloying elements in them.

2.201 Stainless steel
Features:
201 stainless steel is an austenitic stainless steel with a relatively high manganese content. Compared with other models, it has a lower nickel content and thus a lower cost. It can replace 304 stainless steel to a certain extent, but its corrosion resistance is relatively weak.
Advantages:
The price is low and the cost performance is relatively high.
It has a certain anti-rust ability and is suitable for dry environments.
Disadvantage:
It has poor corrosion resistance, especially being prone to rust in damp or acidic environments.
It has relatively low strength and is not suitable for occasions with high strength requirements.
Application field:
It is mainly used for low-end tableware, kitchenware, decorative materials, etc.

3.304 Stainless steel
Features:
304 is the most common type of stainless steel, with a relatively high nickel content (generally above 8%), thus it has excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.
Advantages:
It has excellent corrosion resistance and can maintain good anti-rust ability in most environments.
It has strong plasticity and is easy to be processed into various shapes.
It has excellent high-temperature resistance.
Disadvantage:
The cost is relatively high.
It may be corroded in strong acid and strong alkali environments.
Application field:
It is widely applied in fields such as food processing equipment, medical devices, architectural decoration, and chemical containers.

4.316L stainless steel
Features:
316L is a low-carbon version improved on the basis of 304. Its most prominent feature is the addition of 2% to 3% molybdenum, which significantly enhances its corrosion resistance, especially in a chloride ion environment, it has a stronger resistance to pitting corrosion.
Advantages:
It has excellent corrosion resistance, especially performing well in seawater or saline environments.
The low carbon content makes its welding performance better and less prone to intergranular corrosion.
It has excellent mechanical properties and is suitable for occasions with high-intensity demands.
Disadvantage:
The cost is relatively high.
For some extreme environments, higher-grade stainless steel may still be required.
Application field:
It is commonly used in Marine equipment, chemical equipment, medical devices and high-end tableware, etc.

5.904L stainless steel
Features:
904L is a super austenitic stainless steel with extremely high nickel and molybdenum content, thus possessing extremely strong corrosion resistance. It is usually used in extremely corrosive environments, such as those with strong acids, strong alkalis or high salt concentrations.
Advantages:
It has outstanding corrosion resistance and can remain stable even in strongly acidic environments.
It has extremely strong resistance to pitting corrosion and is suitable for long-term exposure to chloride ions.
High strength and good ductility.
Disadvantage:
It is very expensive and has the highest price among all models.
The processing is rather difficult and has high requirements for equipment and technology.
Application field:
It is widely used in fields such as chemical equipment, the pharmaceutical industry, high-end watch cases, and Marine engineering.

Surface roughness of stainless steel

Stainless steel, as a material widely used in construction, industry, medical care and home furnishing, its surface characteristics directly affect its performance and appearance. Among them, surface roughness is one of the important indicators for measuring the surface quality of stainless steel. This article will take you through what the surface roughness of stainless steel is, its significance, and how to control and optimize it.

Common stainless steel surface roughness range

Processing technology

Ra range (μm)

Surface characteristics

Application scenarios

Mirror polishing

≤0.05 ~ 0.1

Mirror-like smooth, high reflectivity

High-end decoration, medical equipment, food equipment

Fine polishing

0.1 ~ 0.4

Delicate and smooth, no obvious texture

Kitchen utensils, precision instruments

Mechanical polishing

0.4 ~ 1.6

Slightly visible texture, smooth feel

Architectural decoration, chemical containers

Wire drawing

0.2 ~ 1.5

Unidirectional stripes, matte texture

Home appliance panels, elevator decoration

Sandblasting

1.0 ~ 6.3

Uniform frosted surface, matte

Industrial equipment, non-slip surface

Rolled original plate (2B)

0.3 ~ 1.0

Slightly bumpy, gray-white matte

General purpose plate, sheet metal processing

Pickling surface

0.8 ~ 3.2

Uniform grayish white, slightly rough

Corrosion-resistant structural parts, pipes

What is surface roughness?
Surface roughness refers to the degree of unevenness of the microscopic geometric shape of a material's surface, which is usually described by the height and spacing of the peaks and valleys on the surface. In professional terms, roughness is evaluated by measuring the fluctuation of the surface profile, and the unit is usually micrometers (μm). In the field of stainless steel, commonly used standards include Ra (Arithmetic Mean Roughness) and Rz (Maximum Height Roughness).

The importance of surface roughness of stainless steel
1. Affect the anti-corrosion performance
Stainless steel is widely used mainly due to its excellent corrosion resistance. However, this performance is closely related to its surface roughness. Higher surface roughness leads to more tiny grooves, which are prone to accumulate moisture, dirt and chemicals, thereby accelerating the corrosion process. On the contrary, a smooth surface is easier to clean and has stronger corrosion resistance.
2. Determine the appearance and aesthetic appeal
The appearance of stainless steel is of vital importance in architectural decoration or household items. Surface roughness directly affects its glossiness and texture. For instance, mirror-finished stainless steel requires extremely low roughness, while brushed stainless steel needs specific processes to form a uniform texture.
3. Enhance mechanical performance
In some industrial applications, the friction coefficient of the stainless steel surface is a key parameter, and the roughness will directly affect the friction performance. For instance, in food processing equipment, smooth stainless steel surfaces help reduce material residues and improve hygiene conditions.
4. Affect the adhesion of the coating
When coating or spraying treatment is required on the surface of stainless steel, surface roughness plays a crucial role. Appropriate roughness can enhance the adhesion of the coating, thereby improving the durability of the product.

The key factors affecting roughness
The material itself: Austenitic stainless steel (such as 304, 316) is easier to polish to a mirror finish, while martensitic stainless steel (such as 410) has a high hardness and is more difficult to polish.
Processing method:
Mechanical polishing: Through step-by-step grinding with a grinding wheel or polishing wheel, it can reach Ra 0.1 μm.
Electrolytic polishing: It achieves an ultra-smooth surface (Ra ≤0.05 μm) through electrochemical dissolution, while enhancing corrosion resistance.
Laser processing: It can precisely control local roughness (such as Ra 0.1 to 10 μm) and is used for functional surfaces.
Subsequent treatment: Passivation treatment can reduce the negative impact of roughness on corrosion resistance.

How to control the surface roughness of stainless steel?
1. Select the appropriate processing technology
The processing technology of stainless steel directly determines its surface roughness. For example:
Mechanical polishing: By using mechanical equipment to grind and polish stainless steel, a smooth surface can be achieved.
Electrolytic polishing: By using electrochemical methods to remove the tiny protrusions on the surface, a lower roughness is achieved.
- Brushing treatment: A uniform texture is formed on the surface of stainless steel through specific tools to meet decorative requirements.
2. Use high-precision measuring equipment
During the production process, the use of high-precision surface roughness measurement instruments (such as profilometers or laser scanners) can monitor and adjust processing parameters in real time to ensure that the products meet the expected roughness standards.
3. Optimize material selection
Different types of stainless steel respond differently to processing techniques. For instance, 304 stainless steel and 316 stainless steel may present different roughness after polishing. Therefore, it is also very important to select the appropriate stainless steel material according to the requirements.
4. Strengthen quality control
Establish a complete quality control system and conduct strict inspections on each batch of products to ensure that the surface roughness meets the design requirements. This can not only improve the product quality, but also reduce the production cost.

The Relationship between Roughness and performance
Corrosion resistance: The lower the roughness (Ra < 0.4 μm), the fewer the surface pores, and the stronger the resistance to pitting corrosion.
Cleanliness: Surfaces with Ra < 0.8 μm are easier to clean, meeting food/medical industry standards (such as FDA, GMP).
Bonding/Coating: A moderate roughness (Ra 1.6-3.2 μm) can enhance the adhesion of the coating.

Measurement Method
Contact measurement: Use a roughness meter (such as Taylor Hobson) to directly contact the surface, with high accuracy.
Non-contact measurement: Laser confocal microscope or white light interferometer, suitable for ultra-smooth surfaces (such as mirrors).
Comparison sample blocks: Quick comparison, but with relatively low accuracy.

Standard reference
ISO 1302: Specifies the symbol marking method for surface roughness.
ASTM A480: General Requirements for Surface Roughness of Stainless Steel Sheets.
Industry-specific standards: For instance, the semiconductor industry requires Ra < 0.05 μm, while architectural decoration might only need Ra < 1.6 μm.
Cases of surface roughness in practical applications
Case 1: Food processing equipment
The food industry has extremely high hygiene requirements. Stainless steel equipment needs a smooth and poreless surface to prevent bacterial growth. Therefore, such equipment usually adopts electrolytic polishing process to control the surface roughness below 0.8μm.
Case 2: Architectural Decoration
In high-end buildings, stainless steel curtain walls or elevator decorative panels are usually treated with mirror polishing to achieve a high-gloss effect, and their surface roughness is generally less than 0.1μm.
Case 3: Medical Devices
Medical devices have extremely high requirements for the cleanliness and corrosion resistance of material surfaces. Therefore, the roughness of stainless steel surfaces needs to be controlled within an extremely low range to ensure safety and durability.